This case arises out of the breakdown in the relationship between plaintiffs-appellants Barbara Cordi-Allen and John E. Allen, and their former attorney, defendant-appellee R. Bartley Halloran. The Allens sued Halloran in state court for breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty, and the case was subsequently removed to federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. The district court granted Halloran summary judgment. The Allens appeal, and we affirm.

In 1997, Barbara Cordi-Allen was injured in an elevator accident at her place of employment, Weaver High School, in Hartford, Connecticut. She received workers' compensation for her injury, but, seeking further compensation, she engaged Halloran to represent her in a personal injury suit against Delta Elevator, the elevator manufacturer, and in a suit against the City of Hartford to increase her workers' compensation. Halloran negotiated on behalf of his client a settlement of $235,000 from Delta. As part of the negotiated settlement, the City of Hartford agreed to release its workers' compensation lien against any third-party payments, provided that Cordi-Allen also dismissed the workers' compensation suit against the city. Cordi-Allen initially agreed to the settlement, but at the last minute decided against dismissing the workers' compensation suit, believing that she would net more if she pursued the suit and were found "totally disabled."

Halloran advised against this action, pointing out that without a waiver of the workers' compensation lien, the City of Hartford, whose lien totaled nearly $200,000, would take the bulk of the settlement. The Allens, for various reasons unclear on the record, had begun to lose trust in Halloran and did not take his advice. Accordingly, when the settlement arrived from Delta, the funds went entirely to attorney fees, expenses, and repayment of the workers' compensation lien, leaving nothing for the Allens.

Despite the clear beginnings of a breakdown in their relationship, Halloran agreed to continue to represent Cordi-Allen in the workers' compensation case. Indeed, on the settlement statement with Delta, he wrote:

I, R. Bartley Halloran guarantee that no attorneys fee payments will be paid or charged to Barbara Cordi-Allen or John Allen. Barbara Cordi Allen [sic] and John Allen are [and] will not be responsible for attorneys fees or expenses for the workers comp. case.

It is this language that is partly at issue here.

The relationship continued to worsen, and after an exchange of bitter email messages, Halloran finally asked the Workers' Compensation Commission ("WCC") that he be allowed to withdraw from further representation. The WCC granted the withdrawal on July 17, 2001. Cordi-Allen appealed, but on January 30, 2002, the WCC affirmed Halloran's withdrawal. Cordi-Allen continued in her workers' compensation case with another attorney, and she was eventually awarded an additional $31,018.89.

On December 21, 2004, the Allens began the initial action in state court against Halloran on three counts. Count I was entitled "Breach of Contract—Settlement" and alleged that Halloran had breached his contract with the Allens by taking his attorneys fees prior to payment of the workers' compensation lien, rather than after it was paid. Count II was entitled "Breach of Contract—Failure to Represent" and alleged that Halloran's withdrawal from the workers' compensation case was a breach of contract which harmed the Allens by forcing them to pay for another attorney. Count III was entitled "Breach of Fiduciary Duty" and alleged various conflicts of interest.

The case was removed to federal court on April 5, 2005, and Halloran moved for summary judgment on February 17, 2006. The Allens did not file an opposition before the deadline of March 3, 2006, and the district judge granted summary judgment in a cursory opinion on March 8, 2006.1 The Allens appealed the summary judgment on all three counts, but conceded Count I at oral argument. Therefore, we review summary judgment only as to Counts II and III.

This case falls under the district court's diversity jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The parties agree that Connecticut law governs.

We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Stonkus v. City of Brockton Sch. Dep't, 322 F.3d 97, 102 (1st Cir.2003). In doing so, we will construe the record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and resolve all reasonable inferences in that party's favor. Id.

The district judge's memorandum and order does not discuss his basis for issuing summary judgment on any of the counts. However, even where a motion for summary judgment is unopposed, a district judge is still bound to review the case on the merits based on the uncontroverted facts before him, as are we. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e); see Stonkus, 322 F.3d at 102.

The lack of reasoning by the district judge does not limit us, since we are not bound by the district court's rationale (or lack thereof), but "may affirm the judgment on any ground revealed by the record." Iverson v. City of Boston, 452 F.3d 94, 98 (1st Cir.2006). Because the motion for summary judgment went unopposed, we review the case on the facts as set forth in the defendant's motion for summary judgment. D. Mass. Loc. R. 56.1; see Stonkus, 322 F.3d at 102. Summary judgment is only appropriate if the record shows that "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).

Halloran's motion for summary judgment argued that Count II was merely a tort claim masquerading as a contract claim and was thus barred by the three-year tort statute of limitations. See Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-577. The Allens argue on appeal that some claims by a client against an attorney will be considered contract actions under Connecticut law when they are based on specific promises by the attorney, and thus are governed by the six-year statute of limitations on contract actions. See Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-576(a).

Halloran also posits that summary judgment was appropriate on Count II because the Allens had not provided an expert witness to testify as to the standard of care. See Celentano v. Grudberg, 76 Conn.App. 119, 125-126, 818 A.2d 841, 846 (2003). The Allens argue on appeal that this is not the sort of quasi-negligence contract action that would require such testimony, since the action is simply a straightforward contract claim based on the text of Halloran's handwritten addendum.

We need not reach the issue of whether Count II sounds in tort or contract, since even assuming, arguendo, that the handwritten addendum is a contract, it is not subject to the interpretation that the Allens urge.2 As an initial matter, the baseline attorney-client contract does not include a promise to see a claim through to its conclusion under any circumstances. Id. at 845-46. Thus, the question is whether Halloran's handwritten addendum, if it is to be treated as an express contract, modified the baseline attorney-client contract so as to remove Halloran's ability to withdraw. For that is essentially what the Allens claim: that Halloran breached the contract by withdrawing, forcing them to pay for a new lawyer.3

Any ability to withdraw is governed by the principles of Connecticut Rule of Professional Conduct 1.16 ("Rule 1.16"), which provides, inter alia, that an attorney may withdraw "for good cause" even if doing so adversely affects the client. It was on that basis that the WCC allowed Halloran's withdrawal, citing the breakdown of the attorney-client relationship. The Allens do not claim a violation of Rule 1.16; indeed, they specifically state in their brief that they are not alleging any violation of professional standards. Appellants' Brief at 18. Therefore, any contract action must rest on the claim that Halloran's handwritten addendum was a promise not to withdraw even if withdrawal were entirely appropriate under Rule 1.16.

Halloran's addendum is simply a waiver of any additional fees to be charged by him in the workers' compensation case. We see nothing in the language that could be read to overrule the standards of Rule 1.16 and bind Halloran to the Allens in perpetuity.4 The text is unambiguous on this issue. "Where the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, the contract is to be given effect according to its terms. . . . Similarly, any ambiguity in a contract must emanate from the language used in the contract rather than from one party's subjective perception of the terms." Alstom Power, Inc. v. Balcke-Durr, Inc., 269 Conn. 599, 610-11, 849 A.2d 804, 812 (2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, a claim for breach of contract must fail.

Alternatively, if Count II were to be deemed a tort claim, it would indeed fall outside the three-year statute of limitations, since Halloran's motion to withdraw was granted on July 17, 2001, more than three years before the Allens filed their complaint on December 21, 2004. The Allens dispute this, arguing that, under Connecticut's continuous representation doctrine, the statute was tolled while the initial order of withdrawal was appealed. Halloran's withdrawal was affirmed by the Review Board of the WCC on January 30, 2002, which would bring the complaint filing within the three-year limitations period under the Allens' theory.

The Connecticut continuous representation doctrine states that the statute of limitations for attorney malpractice will be tolled

when the plaintiff can show: (1) that the defendant continued to represent him with regard to the same underlying matter; and (2) either that the plaintiff did not know of the alleged malpractice or that the attorney could still mitigate the harm allegedly caused by that malpractice during the continued representation period.

DeLeo v. Nusbaum, 263 Conn. 588, 597, 821 A.2d 744, 749-50 (2003). However, the representation ends, and thus the statute begins to run, when, inter alia, "a court grants the attorney's motion to withdraw from the representation." Id. at 750. The rule tolls the statute during representation because the client is likely to be unaware of any harm. Id. at 748. But when the harm occurs at the point of withdrawal, that concern is no longer present, and the statute begins to run. Furthermore, the Allens appealed Halloran's withdrawal before the WCC, and thus were clearly aware of any harm it might have caused.

The same can be said of Count III. As an action for breach of fiduciary duty, the same three-year tort statute of limitations applies, Ahern v. Kappalumakkel, 97 Conn.App. 189, 191-92, 903 A.2d 266, 268 (2006), with the statute running from no later than the date of withdrawal.

Accordingly, the district court properly granted summary judgment.

Affirmed.

Costs to appellees.